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Industrial Smoke

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Demonstration

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The Importance of Power Plant Type and Region

Climate change (UNSDG Goal 13) is one of the most pressing issues of our lifetime. Though recent progress has given the world hope for the Earth’s future, we still rely on fossil fuels to produce a vast majority of our energy. Power plants, the “creator” of said energy, are found around the world, everywhere from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe. However, there are multiple types of power plants, each of which leave different effects on the environment. At the same time, the world has wildly different climates. The cold winters of Northern Canada could not be more different than the tropical island climate of Indonesia. Since the weather is different, the power plant that can produce energy with the most efficiency could be affected. This raises the following question: Does the most common type of powerplant vary by region? We investigated this, digging into each region’s primary power source and comparing it to similar climates worldwide. Our goal is not just to prove a correlation, but to analyze how deep of a correlation there is. Once we have a better understanding of the frequency of power plants around the world, we as a collective can work to make all power plants both environmentally-friendly and efficient.

The Importance of Power Plants

It’s crucial to understand how many of each type of power plant there are across the world. The data gathered can be represented by a simple bar graph (right). Said graph depicts the most common types of power plants, some eco-friendly, some environmentally harmful. Hydropower plants are the most prevalent globally, exceeding 7,155 total power stations. Solar Plants are a close second, with a rough estimate of 6,000 worldwide. Geographically, these amounts make sense as oceans and lakes are large sources of water that can support hydro-power. Additionally, a large majority of the Earth sees a steady amount of sunshine year-round. This allows for the presence of solar power. In addition to the wind, hydro, and solar plants, there are 3922 gas plants while coal and oil each have 2290 and 2390 respectively. 

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Total Number of Power Plants around the World Organized by Type, Bar Graph

Geographical Criteria for Power Plants

There are four primary aspects taken into consideration when building a power plant:

cost of land/taxes, reliability of supply (are tools and equipment readily available in location), topography of land, and efficiency of power production. Each type of plant also has its own specifications.

Wind: 

  • Colder climates more efficient

  • Located in area where large bodies (mountains, hills, etc) cannot obstruct wind

  • Easily accessible site

Coal 

  • Easily accessible site

  • Allowable for constant transportation

  • Located away from highly-populated areas

Solar

  • Consistently sunny area

  • Must not be obscured by other objects or landmasses

  • Lots of space for panel set up

Image by Jason Blackeye

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Image by Dominik Vanyi
Image by American Public Power Associati

Photo Credit: Wix Images

Photo Credit: Wix Images

Power Plant Distribution Globally

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The Distribution of Power Plants across the World from 2015-2017, World Graph

The chart to the right shows the distribution of power plants across the entire globe. This is meant to show that with the other world graphs, they have whole countries highlighted, but that doesn't necessarily mean that all the power plants are evenly distributed. When you compare this graph to the topography map below (Image 1), it makes sense why the plants are distributed the way they are across the world, and helps bring more insight to what power distribution looks like more realistically for each country.

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Image 1: A map showing the Topography of the World

Solar, Coal and Wind Power Plant Generation Globally 

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Solar Plants across the world from 2015-2017, World Graph

Now, we can look at the same type of graph, but for solar data. Looking at the data, we can see that the top regions are the Western United States, and most of Northern and Eastern Europe. These regions make sense as the US is full of flat plains to collect sunlight. There are also multiple areas across the world that use solar plants to varying degrees, like in Southern and Eastern Asia. Referring back to the topography map (Image 1), we can see that most of these regions are in very low elevated areas, and almost nothing to cover the rays up.

However, when you look at the same concentration data, but for coal plants, the top regions become Eastern Asia, the West side of the United States, Lots of Northwestern Europe, and Southern India. France and the UK are not high on this list due to a large European push for environmentally conscious energy. This was spearheaded by the European Union (EU), many individual governments have also focused on implementing clean energy sources within their respective countries (Abnett). India, on the other hand, has expressed ambition to shift to renewable energy but has not completed the transfer. As of 2018, coal still amounts to around half of the country’s power generation.

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Coal Plants across the world from 2015-2017, World Graph

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Wind Plants across the world from 2015-2017, World Graph

When looking at the concentration of wind plants on Earth, it is easy to see that the most heavily concentrated areas are the Midwest of the US, Northeastern China, and the Western Europe. When compared to the topography map (Image 1), It becomes apparent that the countries with a medium-high concentration of wind power stations also have a relatively flat topography, or are highly elevated, which makes sense for wind power, as there's less obstruction.

What Could This Mean?

             When comparing the solar density graph to the topography map, it becomes clear the most highly populated areas tend to show less altitude variation (meaning the altitude is constant and mostly flat. This aligns with the criteria set for solar stations. However, these plants are often surrounded by severe altitude variations and mountainous regions. The average longitude and latitude for solar power plants is (40.67814731, -25.71531321) which approximates to be in the east North Atlantic Ocean off of the coast of Portugal. Though this average is by no means the best place to build a solar plant (though we certainly encourage an attempt!), it’s a good indicator of how the solar power plant population is skewed.

             Next, the coal density graph has a strong presence in south and east Asia as well as eastern Europe and the United States. There seems to be no correlation with topography, but if we take a closer look at the criteria set for coal stations - accessible and transportable sites and storage, and a rural location - we begin to see a relationship form. Much of the coal density in the United States is located in the Midwest where a large portion of the total land mass is categorized as rural. This same trend continues for eastern Europe, countries like Ukraine being the largest hotspots. On the other hand, many Asian hotspots occur in the eastern region of China and in India, places that are highly populated by humans. This does not fit within the standard criteria, so what could it mean? Perhaps the reason lies in other factors like political climate and economic demand.

             Finally, wind-based power plants are densely packed in the locations they occur. They dominate much of western Europe, northern China, southern India, eastern Brazil, and the United States. Though these locations may sound very different from one another there is a common factor: coastline. European, South American, and Asian densities represented on the wind-based power plant graph are clustered around areas of large bodies of water, including the ocean. This does make sense as coastlines would not have any large landmass or buildings obstructing the wind from reaching the power station. In addition to this, wind storms, blowing in from the ocean, provide the plants a sufficient amount of energy generating power. It should be noted that some outliers to this explanation occur in the midwestern United States. On a closer look, though, the midwest tends to be flat, meaning that, just like the coastlines, there are no obstructions.

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Where do We Go from Here?

So, what should we take away from all of this? Well, tackling climate change itself is no simple task, and no single country can handle it alone. There is also no single solution that will solve all problems, as seen with the varying ways of power generation across the globe. One thing we can all collectively agree though is that fossil fuels are not something we can continue. At some point in the future, they will run out, and the damage done from the pollution from burning may be permanent. One thing we can all do is be more environmentally aware ourselves, and each region can do what they can to use the resources around them to be cleaner. Something as simple as picking up a can and recycling it may seem minuscule compared to a global crisis, but it is still 1 less piece of garbage, 1 step closer to a solution that benefits us all! Big problems require big solutions, but they can be broken down into smaller parts. When we break climate change down into something as simple as picking up a can, we can make progress to end it for good and live happier and cleaner lives. We only have one planet, so let's keep it clean!

About the Authors

Hi! We’re Sarah, Christian, and Sanjana, sophomores at the Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy. When we first began at IMSA, we were enrolled in Leadership Education And Development (LEAD). At the end of this course, we chose between three different electives: ENACT, IMPACT, and SOCENT. We all chose IMPACT, a data journalism course. Within IMPACT there are three different specializations: Data Analysis, Data Visualizations, and Journalism.

Sarah was tasked with finding data and processing it using the coding language R. Sanjana created all of the graphics you’ll see in the following article. Christian took on the majority of the writing component in this project, as well as creating the website you are looking at. We hope you found this article interesting!

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Sarah Wheeler    '23

She/Her

Data Analyst 

swheeler@imsa.edu

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Christian Cline    '23 

He/They   

Data Journalist

ccline@imsa.edu

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Sanjana Nekkanti    '23 

She/Her   

Data Visualist

snekkanti@imsa.edu

Special Thanks To:

To the LEAD Team, most specifically our IMPACT Facilitators Shiraz Baxamusa, Kevin Fan, Patrick Hultquist, Hailey Munafo, Madhav Parthasarathy, and Christin Ann Sanchez.

Sources:

          Abnett, Kate. “EU Climate Law Talks Dodge the ‘Elephant in the Room.’” U.S., 2 Feb. 2021, www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-eu-law/eu-climate-law-talks-dodge-the-elephant-in-the-room-idUSKBN2A22KM.  Accessed 26 Apr. 2021.

          Froese, Michelle. “Location, Location, Location! Important Criteria for Wind-Farm Site Selection.” Windpower Engineering & Development, 2018, www.windpowerengineering.com/location-location-location-important-criteria-for-wind-farm-site-selection/. Accessed 26 Apr. 2021.

          Global Energy Observatory, Google, KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Enipedia, World Resources Institute. 2018. Global Power Plant Database. Published on Resource Watch and Google Earth Engine; http://resourcewatch.org/https://earthengine.google.com/. Accessed 20 April, 2021.

          Kinyanjui, Loise. “Five Factors to Consider in Hydro Power Plants.” Sciencing, 2018, sciencing.com/space-science-kits-that-are-out-of-this-world-13763827.html. Accessed 22 Apr. 2021.

          Reuters Staff. “India to Replace Coal Fired Power Plants with Renewables - Minister.” U.S., 6 Oct. 2020, www.reuters.com/article/india-power/india-to-replace-coal-fired-power-plants-with-renewables-ministeridUSKBN26R2EC. Accessed 26 Apr. 2021.

          Sharpley, Nic. “A Few Guidelines for Selecting Sites.” Windpower Engineering & Development, 2013, www.windpowerengineering.com/guidelines-selecting-sites/. Accessed 26 Apr. 2021.

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